Initially, we coded and analyzed these nine categories in 166 video segments manually. Each segment was coded as ‘1’ when the category applies and ‘0’ when it does not apply. For simple coding of single news stories, the analyses could be entered into spreadsheets; for more complex coding, either of further narrative strategies or including more of the videos beyond the first news story, more structured annotations are essential, typically performed currently using tools such as ELAN (ELAN, 2021).