urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:	edition	
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1	body	
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.1	p	In terms of longevity and collation of textual data in the humanities, digital data, notwithstanding its potential, still falls short the qualities of the traditionally printed book.
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.2	p	To streamline the diverse and idiosyncratic Digital Editions of the time and to establish a cross- and re-usable, durable digital archive of textual cultural artifacts, in 1988 the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) was established with the goal to present a commonly shared standard for the transcription of literary, scientific and other forms of text.
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.3	p	As data model, the extensible markup language XML was chosen to assure longevity and exchangeability of the data. However, it turns out that XML, and with it, the data model of the hierarchically ordered tree are questionable choices for the recording of complex texts – as they are commonly found in the humanities – by potentially rendering the data ambiguous on semantic level.
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.4	p	The abstract idea behind the commonly shared tag set for the description of textual data is reflected in the <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic">TEI abstract model</hi> (TEI Consortium 2016b) which uses XML as a serialisation format – but to which it is not bound:
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.5	p	In the following, fundamental limitations of the tree data model are highlighted in spotlight fashion and contrasted with a graph based model for the sustainable recording and long-term archiving of complex textual data.
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.6	div1	
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.6.1	p	Paradoxically, Digital Editions as well as digital archives, tools, platforms and data repositories are not as interoperable in practice as one would theoretically expect from standardised sources. To be able to cross- or re-use data or tools between projects, in practice, serious refactoring and rededication is necessary – e.g. existing web platforms cannot readily be re-used by another project, notwithstanding the fact that the data repositories are fully validating, validating TEI-P5 sources. How is this possible?
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.6.2	p	As will be shown, this paradoxical situation of factually unattainable interoperability of editions and tools are a direct consequence of the choice of data model.
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.6.3	p	The decision towards XML and the tree data model is based on the OHCO assumption of text as an Ordered Hierarchy of Content Objects (DeRose et al. (1990); revised in Renear, Mylonas, and Durand (1993)). Contrasting the original goals (TEI Consortium 2016c) of interoperable long-term archivable data repositories with the status quo, this decision towards XML as the serialisation format needs to be critically questioned – particularly since the TEI Guidelines themselves very early on make clear that the assumption of data model behind XML is an improper simplification (TEI Consortium 2016a):
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.6.4	p	Already two most basic constellations can lead to a necessary departure from the tree paradigm which could be described as ‘Complex XML’.
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.6.5	p	These situations are commonly resolved by using workarounds (TEI Consortium 2016d). Although <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic">syntactically</hi> permissible on the level of XML markup, these workarounds establish structures beyond the data model of the tree and can lead to misrepresentation of the data on <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic">semantic</hi>, modelling level, seriously harming effective re-use and long-term archiving.
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.7	div1	
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.7.1	p	In contrast to a simple edition, i.e. one of linear text without any further annotation, the need for ‘Complex XML’, on most fundamental, level arises through:
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.7.2	p	In essence, anything that is beyond linear text free of annotation cannot adequately be represented by a mono-hierarchical tree model and will need “more complex mechanisms” (TEI Consortium 2016a).
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.7.3	div2	
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.7.3.1	p	Non-linear text results from editorial operations such as insertions, deletions, substitutions. For instance, recording the genealogical writing process of two undecided variants within the same sentence, yields four different, non-linear potential readings.
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.7.3.2	p	<figure xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"> <graphic url="BRUDER_Daniel_Datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_Texterfassung__Comp-10000201000004BC0000013C2C948493.png" /> </figure> <p xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">These four different readings derived from mechanical re-combination potentially are not intended and to be reduced to specific readings only.</p>
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.7.3.3	p	<figure xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"> <graphic url="BRUDER_Daniel_Datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_Texterfassung__Comp-100002010000048C000000D02F5C458C.png" /> </figure> <p xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Constraining these combinatorial permutations cannot be done in general ways within the mono-hierarchical tree data model. The tree model exposes a general limitation – even without the prevalence of overlapping structures.</p>
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.7.3.4	p	<figure xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"> <graphic url="BRUDER_Daniel_Datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_Texterfassung__Comp-100002010000045E000001E8B4A5A17E.png" /> </figure> <p xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">While interconnecting nodes across the tree’s boundaries by (ab-)using attributes is syntactically possible it nevertheless makes the data idiosyncratic on semantic level, i.e. project-specific rules are introduced and must individually be followed when working with the data.</p>
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.7.3.5	p	<figure xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"> <graphic url="BRUDER_Daniel_Datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_Texterfassung__Comp-10000201000004BA000002160FBA5023.png" /> </figure> <p xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">These interconnections to constrain the combinatorics to specific readings cannot formally be made part of the tree structure itself. To build a tree, any node in the tree must have exactly one parent. A different data model and data structure is necessary to model more than one parent for one node, namely the data model of the graph.</p>
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.7.3.6	p	<figure xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"> <graphic url="BRUDER_Daniel_Datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_Texterfassung__Comp-100002010000047E00000106D01A4E37.png" /> </figure>
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.7.4	div2	
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.7.4.1	p	Complex XML can also result from linear text, open for annotation. The following schematic example shows a linear text with overlapping annotation:
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.7.4.2	p	<figure xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"> <graphic url="BRUDER_Daniel_Datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_Texterfassung__Comp-10000201000004B4000001104AB5DE41.png" /> </figure>
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.7.4.3	p	Corresponding serialisation using XML and the segmentation method (TEI Consortium 2016d):
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.7.4.4	p	<figure xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"> <graphic url="BRUDER_Daniel_Datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_Texterfassung__Comp-10000201000004A800000186D676681C.png" /> </figure>
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.7.4.5	p	The necessary interconnection and recombination of fragmented nodes cannot be modelled within the tree structure in general ways:
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.7.4.6	p	<figure xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"> <graphic url="BRUDER_Daniel_Datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_Texterfassung__Comp-10000201000004960000018CF71AE149.png" /> </figure>
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.7.4.7	p	Another representation shows how one node in the tree is made the child of two parents:
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.7.4.8	p	<figure xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"> <graphic url="BRUDER_Daniel_Datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_Texterfassung__Comp-100002010000040A0000012A52D7B195.png" /> </figure>
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.8	div1	
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.8.1	p	Trees and graphs are closely related: An ordered tree is a special form of graph with the properties of <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic">a)</hi> it is a directed graph without cycles, <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic">b)</hi> has one designated root node and <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic">c)</hi> any node has exactly one parent node.
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.8.2	p	As was shown in the previous basic examples, there is strictly no possibility to interconnect nodes of the tree across branches of the tree. By trying to associate two parents to one node, the tree paradigm is effectively abandoned, and results in a permanent need for case-specific handling to resolve potential ambiguities in the data.
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.9	div1	
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.9.1	p	Digital Editions wanting to model more than just simple structures can – notwithstanding the syntactical possibilities of XML – not be represented in interoperable ways within the paradigm of the tree data model, making longevity and uniformly re-usable digital archives impossible.
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.9.2	p	Alternative, graph-theoretic attempts to solve this problem have been suggested and could implement the <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic">TEI abstract model</hi> through an adequate data structure (Huitfeldt 1994; Barnard et al. 1995; Sperberg-McQueen and Huitfeldt 2000; Huitfeldt and Sperberg-McQueen 2001; Durusau and O'Donnell 2002; Tennison and Piez 2002; Dipper 2005; Dekhtyar and Iacob 2005; Banski and Przepiórkowski 2009; Di Iorio, Peroni, and Vitali 2010; Di Iorio, Peroni, and Vitali 2011; Schmidt and Colomb 2009; Schmidt 2014; Götze and Dipper 2006; Peroni, Vitali, and Di Iorio 2009; Witt 2007; Kuczera 2016).
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.9.3	p	Yet, the question of an adequate serialisation and exchange format to any such data structure remains open. To be able to give guarantees of long term storage and archiving, any such serialisation format must be able to one-unambiguously represent the source as well as data structure. Ideally, any such serialisation format should be both machine readable as well as human intelligible and independent of existing computer hardware and software.
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.9.4	p	Previous graph-based approaches for the recording of complex textual data either did not catch on or have been abandoned for reasons of complexity in implementation or usage.
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.9.5	p	Because of the choice of data model, current repositories are idiosyncratic and tools and data must be handled on individual basis. In order to be able to build general digital archives fully interoperable data repositories are necessary. Interoperability is closely connected to the choice of data model. The TEI abstract model should be implemented as a graph structure, however, the graph structure is in need of a suitable exchange and serialisation format.
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:1.9.6	p	The commonly shared property between former graph-based approaches is the use of embedded markup. It is conjectured that future research on suitable serialisation formats for graph-based approaches should re-evaluate standoff based markup for the durable recording of Digital Editions.
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:2	back	
urn:cts:dhd:2018.bruder_daniel_datenmodelle_zur_digitalen_texterfassung_comp:2.1	bibliogr	
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