In Critical Data Studies <?biblio ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Mqgo9zIF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dalton and Thatcher 2014; Kitchin and Lauriault 2014)","plainCitation":"(Dalton and Thatcher 2014; Kitchin and Lauriault 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":6207,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1975399/items/TESJDVV7"],"itemData":{"id":6207,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Society and Space","title":"What does a critical data studies look like, and why do we care? Seven points for a critical approach to ‘big data’","volume":"29","author":[{"family":"Dalton","given":"Craig"},{"family":"Thatcher","given":"Jim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}},{"id":6199,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1975399/items/T8RP4KTA"],"itemData":{"id":6199,"type":"article-journal","note":"publisher: The Programmable City Working Paper 2","title":"Towards critical data studies: Charting and unpacking data assemblages and their work","author":[{"family":"Kitchin","given":"Rob"},{"family":"Lauriault","given":"Tracey"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}?>(Dalton and Thatcher, 2014; Kitchin and Lauriault, 2018) it has become an established practice to question big data, digital representations or infrastructures as non-political spaces, as well as critically discuss their role in relation to power or surveillance and, if necessary, use counter data <?biblio ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dfAHDxPj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dalton and Thatcher 2014)","plainCitation":"(Dalton and Thatcher 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":6207,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1975399/items/TESJDVV7"],"itemData":{"id":6207,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Society and Space","title":"What does a critical data studies look like, and why do we care? Seven points for a critical approach to ‘big data’","volume":"29","author":[{"family":"Dalton","given":"Craig"},{"family":"Thatcher","given":"Jim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}?>(Dalton and Thatcher, 2014) to help underrepresented perspectives and groups gain more visibility <?biblio ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xh5rZwq3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Iliadis and Russo 2016)","plainCitation":"(Iliadis and Russo 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":6200,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1975399/items/P6VP2UH5"],"itemData":{"id":6200,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Big Data & Society","issue":"2","note":"publisher: SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England","page":"2053951716674238","title":"Critical data studies: An introduction","volume":"3","author":[{"family":"Iliadis","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Russo","given":"Federica"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}?>(Iliadis and Russo, 2016). Intersectional Digital Humanities also acknowledges the need for alternate histories and intellectual diversity. Intersectionality as an approach thus “[…] offers a way of examining the history of digital humanities to identify strategies for greater intellectual diversity in the field” <?biblio ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"C3RbZgHQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Risam 2015)","plainCitation":"(Risam 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":6210,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1975399/items/WT8CJTDP"],"itemData":{"id":6210,"type":"article-journal","title":"Beyond the margins: Intersectionality and the digital humanities","author":[{"family":"Risam","given":"Roopika"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}?>(Risam, 2015, 5). Similarly, Data Feminism <?biblio ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dRS3js5a","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(D//uc0//u8217{}Ignazio and Klein 2023)","plainCitation":"(D’Ignazio and Klein 2023)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":5910,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1975399/items/QD7RUWVA"],"itemData":{"id":5910,"type":"book","abstract":"Today, data science is a form of power. It has been used to expose injustice, improve health outcomes, and topple governments. But it has also been used to discriminate, police, and surveil. This potential for good, on the one hand, and harm, on the other, makes it essential to ask: Data science by whom? Data science for whom? Data science with whose interests in mind? The narratives around big data and data science are overwhelmingly white, male, and techno-heroic. The authors present a new way of thinking about data science and data ethics--one that is informed by intersectional feminist thought.--back cover","edition":"First MIT Press paperback edition","event-place":"Cambridge, Massachusetts","ISBN":"978-0-262-54718-5","language":"eng","note":"OCLC: 1354647893","publisher":"The MIT Press","publisher-place":"Cambridge, Massachusetts","source":"Open WorldCat","title":"Data feminism","author":[{"family":"D'Ignazio","given":"Catherine"},{"family":"Klein","given":"Lauren F."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2023"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}?>(D’Ignazio and Klein, 2023) questions the narratives and structures in Data Science and big data which are dominantly white and male and ingrained in data analysis, data models or data visualizations.