Die Technologien, die auf die 1980er Jahre zurückgehen, wurden lange nur testweise eingesetzt, weil die Leistungsfähigkeit der Computersysteme nicht ausreichend war <?biblio ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"nMkMxKYE","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Fausett, 1993)","plainCitation":"(Fausett, 1993)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":13525,"uris":["http://zotero.org/groups/277635/items/G92I2ITF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/groups/277635/items/G92I2ITF"],"itemData":{"id":13525,"type":"book","title":"Fundamentals of Neural Networks: Architectures, Algorithms And Applications","publisher":"Pearson","publisher-place":"Englewood Cliffs, N.J.","number-of-pages":"461","edition":"1 edition","source":"Amazon","event-place":"Englewood Cliffs, N.J.","abstract":"Providing detailed examples of simple applications, this new book introduces the use of neural networks. It covers simple neural nets for pattern classification; pattern association; neural networks based on competition; adaptive-resonance theory; and more. For professionals working with neural networks.","ISBN":"978-0-13-334186-7","title-short":"Fundamentals of Neural Networks","language":"English","author":[{"family":"Fausett","given":"Laurene V."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1993",12,19]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}?>(Fausett, 1993). Inzwischen lernen Maschinen mit den Methoden erfolgreich auf Gebieten, die schwer formalisierbar sind. Kommerzielle Anbieter wie Google, Amazon, Apple und Facebook implementieren <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic">machine learning</hi> heute schon in fast all ihren Produkten. Mit jeder Suchanfrage bei Google nutzen Menschen diese Technologie, ohne sich dessen bewusst zu sein, mit teils problematischen Folgen <?biblio ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xBrSFtKO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Noble, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Noble, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":5885,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/534029/items/NTJE8K5L"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/534029/items/NTJE8K5L"],"itemData":{"id":5885,"type":"book","title":"Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism","publisher":"New York University Press","publisher-place":"New York","number-of-pages":"256","source":"Amazon","event-place":"New York","abstract":"A revealing look at how negative biases against women of color are embedded in search engine results and algorithms Run a Google search for “black girls”—what will you find? “Big Booty” and other sexually explicit terms are likely to come up as top search terms. But, if you type in “white girls,” the results are radically different. The suggested porn sites and un-moderated discussions about “why black women are so sassy” or “why black women are so angry” presents a disturbing portrait of black womanhood in modern society. In Algorithms of Oppression, Safiya Umoja Noble challenges the idea that search engines like Google offer an equal playing field for all forms of ideas, identities, and activities. Data discrimination is a real social problem; Noble argues that the combination of private interests in promoting certain sites, along with the monopoly status of a relatively small number of Internet search engines, leads to a biased set of search algorithms that privilege whiteness and discriminate against people of color, specifically women of color. Through an analysis of textual and media searches as well as extensive research on paid online advertising, Noble exposes a culture of racism and sexism in the way discoverability is created online. As search engines and their related companies grow in importance—operating as a source for email, a major vehicle for primary and secondary school learning, and beyond—understanding and reversing these disquieting trends and discriminatory practices is of utmost importance. An original, surprising and, at times, disturbing account of bias on the internet, Algorithms of Oppression contributes to our understanding of how racism is created, maintained, and disseminated in the 21st century.","ISBN":"978-1-4798-3724-3","title-short":"Algorithms of Oppression","language":"Englisch","author":[{"family":"Noble","given":"Safiya Umoja"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",2,20]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}?>(Noble, 2018).