The annotators were trained in sentiment analysis and annotation using an iterative approach, which incorporated established annotation methodologies (Sprugnoli et al., 2023; Schmidt et al., 2018). The annotation process was conducted in stages, with each stage comprising 50 to 150 annotation units centered on texts related to specific topics. Following each stage, annotators provided feedback regarding challenges and ambiguities encountered during the task. This feedback informed subsequent adjustments to the process, leading to the inclusion of additional contextual information to facilitate decision-making. The added context consisted of the newspaper title, the publication date, and the sentences immediately preceding and following the target sentence.